If you are using CCS and can use something "bare metal" for processing, there is AM335x Starterware examples available. I see one for ADC (though I have not used) at: C:\TI\AM335X_StarterWare_02_00_00_07\examples\evmAM335x\adc
You might be able to paste a few examples together to do real-time embedded processing on the AM335x that then reports results and/or uploads offline data to MATLAB/Labview for analysis.